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Q1
Passage summary:
Over the past decade, Indian workers leaving agriculture have mostly landed in construction and unregistered manufacturing — jobs barely better than what they left. Meanwhile services, the sector where workers are typically most productive, are failing to create the extra jobs the economy requires. The country will need roughly 24 million new jobs over the coming decade, and e-commerce, the newest sector, can at most plug half that shortfall. The rest must come from sectors driven by domestic demand, notably health and education.
Which one of the following is best implied in the passage?
India's present emphasis on the right to privacy arises from new realities of the digital age. A right counts as substantive only when it works in every situation and for every person. For example, an individual's right to free expression about her own exploitation means nothing without real security ensuring private force cannot suppress it. The State's role, therefore, goes beyond merely refraining from curbing free expression — it must actively ensure private parties cannot block it either.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made
1State should have some institutions to ensure its appropriate role in a digital society.
2State should ensure that private parties do not violate the citizens' right to privacy.
3Digital economy is not compatible with the idea of not violating the citizens' privacy.
One of the great ironies of water is that it originates in rivers and wetlands, yet is treated as separate from them. Though water is used as a resource, public policy often fails to recognize it as part of the natural ecosystem. Consequently, efforts to engineer water systems concentrate on boosting supply rather than on strengthening the capacities of ecological systems themselves.
Which one of the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?
Asset allocation is the single most important investment decision anyone makes, yet most people give it far less weight than it deserves. Investors insist on predictability: they regard risky assets as extremely volatile and value-eroding, dislike fluctuating returns and loss of control, and prefer to keep money idle, unproductive but safe. In truth no asset is free of risk — jobs can vanish, homes lose value, banks fail, bonds default, governments collapse, and favoured companies can disappear. But since these extreme events will not all strike at once, life cannot be lived on the assumption that they will.
Which one of the following statements best implies the suggestion given by the author of the passage?
Most GM crops grown today are engineered for a single trait, but crops engineered for multiple traits will become the norm. Biotechnology's agricultural role and its regulation therefore cannot be judged solely by today's generation of GM crops. A comprehensive view is needed — one that weighs socio-economic impacts too — so the technology's potential can be harnessed while negative effects are minimized. Biotechnology matters for developing varieties that aid climate-change mitigation and adaptation, so leaving it out of climate action plans is not an option. And domestic regulation of biotechnology cannot be considered apart from trade policy and obligations under international treaties and conventions.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1Biotechnology regulation is an evolving process.
2Participation of people is needed in policy decisions regarding biotechnology regulation.
3Biotechnology regulation should take into account socio -economic aspects in decision-making.
4Wider involvement of political executive in biotechnology regulation improves its effectiveness in dealing with the country's trade policies and international obligations.
Most GM crops grown today are engineered for a single trait, but crops engineered for multiple traits will become the norm. Biotechnology's agricultural role and its regulation therefore cannot be judged solely by today's generation of GM crops. A comprehensive view is needed — one that weighs socio-economic impacts too — so the technology's potential can be harnessed while negative effects are minimized. Biotechnology matters for developing varieties that aid climate-change mitigation and adaptation, so leaving it out of climate action plans is not an option. And domestic regulation of biotechnology cannot be considered apart from trade policy and obligations under international treaties and conventions.
Which one of the following statements best implies the crux of the passage?
Who among the following rulers advised his subjects through this inscription?
"Whosoever praises his religious sect or blames other sects out of excessive devotion to his own sect, with the view of glorifying his own sect, he rather injures his own sect very severely."
A simple mathematical operation in each number of the sequence 14, 18, 20, 24, 30, 32,... results in a sequence with respect to prime number. Which one of the following is the next number in the sequence?
One page is torn from a booklet whose pages are numbered in the usual manner starting from the first page as 1. The sum of the numbers on the remaining pages is 195. The torn page contains which of the following numbers?
Let A3BC and DE2F be four -digit numbers where each letter represents a different digit greater than 3. If the sum of the numbers is 1 5 9 0 2, then what is the difference between the values of A and D?
Two Statements S1 and S2 are given below followed by a
Question: S1: There are not more than two figures on any page of a 51-page book. S2: There is at least one figure on every page. Question: Are there more than 100 figures in that book? Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above Statements and the Question?
Consider the following data: Average marks in English Average marks in Hindi Girls 9 8 Boys 8 7 Overall average marks 8.8 x What is the value of x in the above table?
A family of two generations consisting of six numbers P, Q, R, S, T and U as three males and three females. There are two married couples and two unmarried siblings. U is P's daughter an d Q is R ' smother-in-law. T is an unmarried male and S is a male. Which one of the following is correct?
Private investment is inherently volatile, and foreign private investment is even more so, because the available avenues span the entire world. Employment generation therefore cannot be left to foreign direct investment. Current FDI inflows fluctuate over time and across sectors and regions — an inevitable result of chasing the highest returns. The downsides are unstable employment and sharper income and regional inequalities. One likely upside is the inflow of new technology and its diffusion, though diffusion is far from guaranteed, since India's existing physical and human capital may be inadequate to absorb it.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1Relying on foreign investment in the long run is not an economically sound policy.
2Policies must be undertaken to reduce volatility in foreign private investment.
3Policies must be undertaken to strengthen domestic private investment.
4Public investment should be given priority over private investment.
5Substantial public investment in education and health should be undertaken.
India has squandered many chances to harness its highly skewed monsoon flows, which are concentrated seasonally and spatially in the four months from June to September. Since those few months deliver most of the rainfall and hence most freshwater availability, capturing rainwater in reservoirs for release through the year is an unavoidable necessity. Climate change will keep disturbing weather patterns, producing both shortages and surpluses. Yet while millions endure droughts and floods, water in the country's many rivers flows unused into the sea every year.
With reference to the above passage, which of the following could be the most rational and practical implications for India?
1Inter-linking of rivers should be undertaken.
2A network of dams· and canals should be built across the country for proper distribution of water.
3Farmers should be provided easy loans for digging borewells.
4Usage of water for agriculture should be regulated by law.
5Distribution of river water among regions should be regulated by the Union Government.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct?
1OMT is measured up to a depth of 26°C isotherm which is 129 metres in the south-western Indian Ocean during January – March.
2OMT collected during January March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in monsoon will be less or more than a certain long-term mean
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
People invest in education when economic freedom lets them fully enjoy its benefits — the return on education rises as economic freedom rises. When lower tax rates allow people to keep the extra income that more education brings, investing in education makes sense. Conversely, when the state taxes the higher earnings of educated people at even steeper rates, further self-education offers little payoff. The same incentives shape parents' decisions about educating their children.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1Lower tax rates in a country invariably translate into greater investments in higher education.
2Investment in the education of children ensures their economic freedom.
3Economic freedom has a positive impact on building up human capital.
Urban bodies cannot deliver water sustainably in cities without proper financing mechanisms. Supplying water demands heavy investment — drawing it from natural sources, treating it to potable standards, and laying pipe networks — plus sewerage infrastructure and treatment plants so wastewater reaches those plants and no untreated sewage flows back into natural water bodies. If cities were wealthy enough to bear the whole cost, water could be supplied free. They are not.
What is the most logical and crucial message conveyed by the passage?
Urban bodies cannot deliver water sustainably in cities without proper financing mechanisms. Supplying water demands heavy investment — drawing it from natural sources, treating it to potable standards, and laying pipe networks — plus sewerage infrastructure and treatment plants so wastewater reaches those plants and no untreated sewage flows back into natural water bodies. If cities were wealthy enough to bear the whole cost, water could be supplied free. They are not.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made
1Rich cities only can ensure sustainable delivery of water.
2Sustainable delivery of water in cities means much more than supplying water to households.
Agriculture still employs about half of India's workforce, and roughly 85 per cent of Indian farms are small or marginal. Compared with China and Vietnam, which underwent rapid structural and rural transformation, India's change has been slow — and its poverty reduction between 1988 and 2014 was correspondingly slower. Poverty fell slowly during 1988–2005 but accelerated dramatically, almost three times faster, during 2005–2012. Research traces this to a relative price shift of more than 50 per cent in agriculture's favour amid rising global prices, which lifted private farm investment by over 50 per cent. Agri-GDP growth reached 4.1 per cent during 2007–2012 against 2.4 per cent in 2002–2007, the net agri-trade surplus hit $25 billion in 2013–14, and real farm wages rose 7 per cent a year — together producing an unprecedented fall in poverty.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1Structural and rural transformation is impossible when farms are mainly small and marginal.
2A good price incentive can trigger investments in agriculture.
3India needs to build value chains for high-value agri- products like livestock and horticulture.
4Higher global prices of agricultural commodities are essential for India's poverty reduction.
"The crop is subtropical in nature. A hard frost is injurious to it. It requires at least 210 frost-free days and 50 to 100 centimetres of rainfall for its growth. A light well-drained soil capable of retaining moisture is ideally suited for the cultivation of the crop." Which one of the following is that crop?
Agriculture still employs about half of India's workforce, and roughly 85 per cent of Indian farms are small or marginal. Compared with China and Vietnam, which underwent rapid structural and rural transformation, India's change has been slow — and its poverty reduction between 1988 and 2014 was correspondingly slower. Poverty fell slowly during 1988–2005 but accelerated dramatically, almost three times faster, during 2005–2012. Research traces this to a relative price shift of more than 50 per cent in agriculture's favour amid rising global prices, which lifted private farm investment by over 50 per cent. Agri-GDP growth reached 4.1 per cent during 2007–2012 against 2.4 per cent in 2002–2007, the net agri-trade surplus hit $25 billion in 2013–14, and real farm wages rose 7 per cent a year — together producing an unprecedented fall in poverty.
Which one of the following statements best reflects the critical message of the passage?
Two Statements S1 and S2 are given below with regard to four numbers P, Q, R and S followed by a
Question: S1: R is greater than P as well as Q. S2: S is not the largest one. Question: Among four numbers P, Q, R and S which one is the largest? Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above Statements and the Question?
Two Statements S1 and S2 are given below followed by a
Question: S1: n is a prime number. S2: n leaves a remainder of 1 when divided by 4. Question: If n is a unique natural number between 10 and 20, then what is n? Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above Statements and the Question?
Two Statements S1 and S2 are given below with regard to two numbers followed by a
Question: S1: Their product is 21. S2: Their sum is 10. Question: What are the two numbers? Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above Statements and the Question?
Which one of the following protected areas is well-known for the conservation of a sub-species of the Indian swamp deer (Barasingha) that thrives well on hard ground and is exclusively graminivorous?
A man walks down the backside of his house straight 25 metres, then turns to the right and walks 50 metres again; then he turns towards left and again walks 25 metres. If his house faces to the East, what is his direction from the starting point?
Two Statements are given followed by two Conclusions: Statements: All numbers are divisible by 2. All numbers are divisible by 3. Conclusion-I: All numbers are divisible by 6. Conclusion-II: All numbers are divisible by 4. Which of the above Conclusions logically follows/follow from the two given Statements?
Two Statements are given followed by two Conclusions: Statements: All cats are dogs. All cats are black. Conclusion-I: All dogs are black. Conclusion-II: Some dogs are not black. Which of the above Conclusions logically follows/follow from the two given Statements, disregarding commonly known facts?
Consider the following sequence of numbers: 5 1 4 7 3 9 8 5 7 2 6 3 1 5 8 6 3 8 5 2 2 4 3 4 9 6 How many odd numbers are followed by the odd number in the above sequence?
A is 16th fr om the le ft end in a row of boys and V is 18th from the right end. G is 11th from A towards the right and 3rd from V towards the right ends. How many boys are there in the row?
Three Statements S1, S2 and S3 are given below followed by a
Question: S1: C is younger than D, but older than A and B. S2: D is the oldest. S3: A is older than B. Question: Who among A, B, C and D is the youngest? Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above Statements and the Question?
Let x, y be the volumes; m, n be the masses of two metallic cubes P and Q respectively. Each side of Q is two times t h at of P a n d m a s s of Q i s t w o ti m e s that of P. Let u = m/x and v = n/y. Which one of the following is correct?
The average age of a teacher and three students is 20 years. If all the three students are of same age and the difference between the age of the teacher and each student is 20 years, then what is the age of the teacher?
In the late 16th century, Spanish ships first carried the potato tuber from South America to Europe, and by the early 19th century it had become a dependable fallback for cereal crops — notably in the cold, rain-soaked soils of Ireland. The Irish soon depended on the potato almost entirely as their staple, planting mainly one high-yielding variety, the 'Lumper'. Its genetic uniformity proved fatally vulnerable to the fungus Phytophthora infestans. When spores of the blight began sweeping the country in 1845, they wiped out nearly every Lumper crop, and the ensuing famine killed or displaced millions.
Which one of the following statements best reflects the critical message of the passage?
India is simultaneously one of the world's fastest-growing economies and home to the largest number of malnourished children. In some regions malnutrition is the norm rather than the exception, and nationwide it accounts for roughly half of the 1–3 million children who die before age five each year. Children who survive carry lasting damage to body and mind from missing the right foods and nutrients. About 44 million children under five are stunted, which hampers their schooling and later earning power — their lifetime earnings potential runs almost a quarter below that of healthy peers.
With reference to the above passage, which of the following is/are the most rational and practical implication/ implications?
1India's Public Distribution System should be monitored by the Union Government.
2Girls should be encouraged to delay marriage and first pregnancy.
3Mothers should be encouraged to breastfeed their children immediately after birth.
4The supply of safe drinking water and proper sanitation facilities to all should be ensured.
5Authorities should ensure the vaccination as prescribed.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
The pulse variety 'Pusa Arhar 16' could be cultivated in the paddy belts of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, and eventually across India. Its yield of about 2,000 kg per hectare far exceeds existing varieties, and its uniform grain size suits mechanical harvesting — appealing to northern farmers already mechanized for paddy. Most importantly, arhar straw is green and can be ploughed straight back into the soil, unlike paddy straw, whose high silica content blocks easy decomposition. Even after combine harvesting, a farmer need only run a rotovator to shred the leftover arhar straw, which then breaks down quickly. Paddy stalks, by contrast, cannot be salvaged or ploughed in easily, so farmers take the easy route and simply burn them.
Which of the following are the most rational inferences that can be made from the passage?
1Farmers' income will be higher with pulse cultivation than with paddy cultivation.
2Pulse cultivation causes less pollution as compared to paddy cultivation.
3Pulse straw can be used to improve soil quality.
4In the context of northern Indian agriculture, paddy straw has no usefulness.
5Mechanized agriculture is the main cause for stubble burning.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Indian authorities habitually try to store the maximum possible water in reservoirs during the monsoon, for use in summer irrigation and power generation. Internationally accepted practice instead keeps reservoir levels below a set mark before the monsoon arrives, leaving room to absorb excess rain and to release water in a controlled way. Indian authorities, however, fill reservoirs to the brim even before the monsoon ends, motivated purely by greater electricity generation and irrigation.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1High risks involved in holding maximum water in reservoirs are due to our over-dependence on hydropower projects.
2Storage capacity of dams should not be fully used before or during monsoon season.
3Role of dams in flood control is underestimated in India.
India's economic liberalization was driven more by the government's own economic troubles than by citizens' priorities or long-term development goals, so its conception and design had limitations that experience has since confirmed. Jobless growth, persistent poverty and rising inequality have all intensified since liberalization began. Years later, four quiet crises — in agriculture, infrastructure, industrialization and education — stand as constraints on the country's future. Unless these are resolved, economic growth cannot be sustained or converted into meaningful development.
Which of the following is/are the most rational and logical inference/ inferences that can be made from the passage?
1It is essential to rethink and redefine the economic role of the State in the quest for development.
2India has not made effective implementation of its policies in social sectors nor made sufficient investments in them.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
India's economic liberalization was driven more by the government's own economic troubles than by citizens' priorities or long-term development goals, so its conception and design had limitations that experience has since confirmed. Jobless growth, persistent poverty and rising inequality have all intensified since liberalization began. Years later, four quiet crises — in agriculture, infrastructure, industrialization and education — stand as constraints on the country's future. Unless these are resolved, economic growth cannot be sustained or converted into meaningful development.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made
1India's economy needs to be greatly integrated with global economy so as to create large number of jobs and to sustain its growth momentum.
2Economic liberalization would cause large economic growth which would reduce poverty and create sufficient employment in the long run.
Other than the Fundamental Rights, which of the following parts of the Constitution of India reflect/reflects the principles and provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)?
1Preamble
2Directive Principles of State Policy
3Fundamental Duties
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1The Constitution of India defines its 'basic structure' in terms of federalism, secularism, fundamental rights and democracy.
2The Constitution of India provides for 'judicial review' to safeguard the 'citizens' liberties and to preserve the ideals on which the Constitution is based.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following data: Year Birth rate Death rate 1911-1921 48.1 35.5 1921-1931 46.4 36.3 1931-1941 45.2 31.2 1941-1951 39.9 27.4 1951-1961 41.7 22.8 1961-1971 41.1 18.9 1971-1981 37.1 14.8 For which period was the natural growth rate maximum?
Along with the Budget, the Finance Minister also places other documents before the Parliament which include 'The Macro Economic Framework Statement'. The aforesaid document is presented because this is mandated by
In adult population of a city, 40% men and 30% women are married. What is the percentage of married adult population if no man marries more than one woman and no woman marries more than one man; and there are no widows and widowers?
1According to the Constitution of India, a person who is eligible to vote can be made a minister in a state for six months even if he/she is not a member of the Legislature of that state.
2According to the Representation of People Act, 1951, a person convicted of a criminal offence and sentenced to imprisonment for five years is permanently disqualified from contesting an election even after his release from prison.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
In a class, there are three gr oups A, B and C. If one student from group A and two students from group B are shifted to group C, then what happens to the average weight of the students of the class?
How many different sums can be formed with the denominations Rs. 50, Rs. 100, Rs. 200, Rs. 500 and Rs. 2,000 taking at least three denominations at a time?
Bank credit to industry has begun shrinking, a serious worry because credit growth is essential to revive investment. The problem traces to the incomplete reforms of the past 25 years: the institutional reform that should have followed the 1991 liberalization — a resolution corporation for banks — was never created. In a market economy with booms and busts, banks should be free to enter and to fail. But with no proper mechanism to wind banks down, India cannot shut them, and weak, loss-making banks keep demanding fresh capital.
Which one of the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?
India holds tremendous solar energy potential, and everyone recognizes fossil-fuel burning must end. Yet certain renewables are still travelling down their cost and learning curves to deliver output at the needed scale. The government has firmly committed to cutting emissions 33 per cent by 2030, pushing a gas-based economy and investing heavily in renewables. Businesses, however, are reluctant to bet heavily on renewable energy while the technology is not yet mature.
Which one of the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?
India holds tremendous solar energy potential, and everyone recognizes fossil-fuel burning must end. Yet certain renewables are still travelling down their cost and learning curves to deliver output at the needed scale. The government has firmly committed to cutting emissions 33 per cent by 2030, pushing a gas-based economy and investing heavily in renewables. Businesses, however, are reluctant to bet heavily on renewable energy while the technology is not yet mature.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1Governments often provide inefficient and costly subsidies for technologies that may not be ready in the near future.
2India's commitment of reducing emissions by 33% by 2030 shall be on the basis of gas-based economy.
Genome editing is distinct from genome modification. Editing usually means locating the part of a plant's genome that could be altered to make it less disease-prone, herbicide-resistant, or higher-yielding. Scientists use 'molecular scissors' to cut and repair the genome — mirroring a process that occurs naturally when diseases attack plants and throw up mutations helping them survive future attacks. Because plant genomes can now be studied in fine detail in laboratories, this evolutionary process can be accelerated and the relevant genes changed with great precision.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1Genome editing does not require the transfer of genes from one plant to another.
2Through genome editing, the chosen genes can be altered precisely in a manner akin to the natural process that helps plants to adapt to the environmental factors.
Most people connect solid waste management to health only through the obvious consequence — neglected garbage heaps that shelter flies and vermin. A less understood danger arises when unscientific waste disposal meets poor drainage and the dumping of untreated sewage into drains meant for monsoon storm water. The outcome is choked drains holding stagnant, mosquito-breeding water, which spreads water-borne disease.
In the context of India, which one of the following statements best reflects the critical message of the passage?
Article 25 in Part III of the Constitution declares all persons equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practise and propagate religion. What often goes unnoticed is the prefatory rider — 'subject to public order, morality, health and to the other provisions of this Part' — which makes those conditions a prerequisite for legal protection of any community's religious practices. The rider's closing words effectively subordinate religious freedom to the other Part III fundamental rights, including equality before the law and equal protection of the laws — elaborated to mean, among other things, that the state may not deny any person or group equal legal protection on the ground of religion alone.
What is the most logical inference from the above passage?
1In terms of short-term credit delivery to the agriculture sector, District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs) deliver more credit in comparison to Scheduled Commercial Banks and Regional Rural Banks.
2One of the most important functions of DCCBs is to provide funds to the Primary Agricultural Credit Societies.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
How many different 5 -letter words (with or without meaning) can be constructed using all the letters of the word 'DELHI' so that each word has to start with D and end with I?
If you withdraw Rs. 1,00,000 in cash from your Demand Deposit Account at your bank, the immediate effect on aggregate money supply in the economy will be
A bottle contains 20 litres of liquid A. 4 litres of liquid A is taken out of it and replaced by same quantity of liquid B. Again 4 litres of the mixture is taken out and replaced by same quantity of liquid B. What is the ratio of quantity of liquid A to that of liquid B in the final mixture?
The average score of a batsman after his 50th innings was 46.4. After 60th innings, his average score increases by 2.6. What was his average score in the last ten innings?
As a result of 25% hik e in the price of rice per kg, a person is able to purchase 6 kg less rice for Rs. 1,200. What was the original price of rice per kg?
A person X can complete 20% of work in 8 days and another person Y can complete 2 5% of the same work in 6 days. If they work together, in how many days will 40% of the work be completed?
A car travels from a place X to place Y at an average speed of v km/hr, from Y to X at an average speed of 2v km/hr, again from X to Y at an average speed of 3v km/hr and again from Y to X at an average speed of 4v km/hr. Then the average speed of the car for the entire journey
In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits?
1Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one's computer
2Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so
3Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion
4Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Which one of the following will have minimum change in its value if 5 is added to both numerator and the denominator of the fractions 2/3, 3/ 4, 4/5 and 5/6?
If another global financial crisis happens in the near future, which of the following actions/policies are most likely to give some immunity to India? (2020)
1Not depending on the short-term foreign borrowings
2Opening up to more foreign banks
3Maintaining full capital account convertibility
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A frog tries to come out of a dried well 4.5 m deep with slippery walls. Every time the frog jumps 30 cm, slides down 1 5 c m. W hat is the number of jumps required for the frog to come out of the well?
The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometers long, with lasers shining between the craft." The experiment in question refers to
3Collecting breath samples from spouting whales for DNA analysis At the present level of technology, which of the above activities can be successfully carried out by using drones?
