UPSC CDS · Solved paper
All 120 questions, textbook-style — tap “Show answer” on any question to reveal the correct option and explanation.
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: A provocative message had been doing rounds on social media to instigate the mob against migrants.
Underlined word: provocative
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: The differences include increase in mean temperature and heavy precipitation in several regions.
Underlined word: precipitation
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: The portal will help victims and complainants to anonymously report cyber crime.
Underlined word: anonymously
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: He is suffering from a terminal disease.
Underlined word: terminal
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: Doctors are reluctant to take rural postings despite big salary offers.
Underlined word: reluctant
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: The authorities have reprimanded the subordinate officer for violating the protocol.
Underlined word: reprimanded
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: For Gandhiji, India's religious and linguistic diversity was an asset, not a liability.
Underlined word: asset
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: How hysterical he is!
Underlined word: hysterical
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: Mahesh is mostly prejudiced in his political opinion.
Underlined word: prejudiced
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: Do not indulge in tautology.
Underlined word: tautology
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
Except for few days (a) / in a year during the monsoon (b) / the river cannot flow on its own. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
Being apprised with our approach, (a) / the whole neighbourhood (b) / came out to meet the minister. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
The celebrated grammarian Patanjali (a) / was (b) / a contemporary to Pushyamitra Sunga. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
His appeal for funds (a) / met (b) / a poor response. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
Buddhism teaches that (a) / freedom from desires (b) / will lead to escape suffering. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
This hardly won liberty (a) / was not to be (b) / lightly abandoned. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
My friend said (a) / he never remembered (b) / having read a more enjoyable book. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
With a population of over one billion, (a) / India is second most populous country (b) / in the world after China. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
There are hundred of superstitions (a) / which survive (b) / in the various parts of the country. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
It is (a) / in the temperate countries of northern Europe (b) / that the beneficial effects of cold is most manifest. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
The effects of female employment (a) / on gender equality (b) / now appear to be trickling at the next generation. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
Since the 15 minutes that she drives, (a) / she confesses that she feels like (b) / a woman with wings. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
India won (a) / by an innings (b) / and three runs. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
Each one (a) / of these chairs (b) / are broken. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
Few creature (a) / outwit (b) / the fox in Aesop's Fables. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
Anywhere in the world (a) / when there is conflict (b) / women and children suffer the most. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
The man is (a) / the foundational director (b) / of this company. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
Parents of LGBT community members (a) / are coming in (b) / with a little help from NGOs. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
To love one art form is great (a) / but to be able to appreciate another (b) / and find lateral connections are priceless. (c) / No error. (d)
Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled as (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in any underlined part. If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
Female literacy rate has gone up by 11% (a) / in the past decade as opposed to (b) / a 3% increase in male literacy. (c) / No error. (d)
In this section each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences have been jumbled up and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Find the proper sequence.
S1: He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength, nor of his wife.
S6: He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy.
P: He never dreamed about the boy.
Q: He only dreamed of places and of the lions on the beach now.
R: He simply woke, looked out through the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on.
S: They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy.
In this section each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences have been jumbled up and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Find the proper sequence.
S1: We do not know, after 60 years of education, how to protect ourselves against epidemics like cholera and plague.
S6: This is the disastrous result of the system under which we are educated.
P: If our doctors could have started learning medicine at an earlier age, they would not make such a poor show as they do.
Q: I have seen hundreds of homes. I cannot say that I have found any evidence in them of knowledge of hygiene.
R: I consider it a very serious blot on the state of our education that our doctors have not found it possible to eradicate these diseases.
S: I have the greatest doubt whether our graduates know what one should do in case one is bitten by a snake.
In this section each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences have been jumbled up and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Find the proper sequence.
S1: The weak have no place here, in this life or in any other life. Weakness leads to slavery.
S6: This is the great fact: strength is life, weakness is death. Strength is felicity, life eternal, immortal; weakness is constant strain and misery: weakness is death.
P: They dare not approach us, they have no power to get a hold on us, until the mind is weakened.
Q: Weakness leads to all kinds of misery, physical and mental. Weakness is death.
R: But they cannot harm us unless we become weak, until the body is ready and predisposed to receive them.
S: There are hundreds of thousands of microbes surrounding us.
In this section each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences have been jumbled up and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Find the proper sequence.
S1: The Nobel Prize for Economics in 2018 was awarded to Paul Romer and William Nordhaus for their work in two separate areas: economic growth and environmental economics respectively.
S6: Among recent winners of Nobel Prize in Economics, it's hard to think of one issue which is more topical and relevant to India.
P: But there is a common thread in their work.
Q: In economic jargon it's termed as externality.
R: Productive activity often has spillovers, meaning that it can impact an unrelated party.
S: Romer and Nordhaus both studied the impact of externalities and came up with profound insights and economic models.
In this section each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences have been jumbled up and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Find the proper sequence.
S1: India's museums tend to be dreary experiences.
S6: Because it's better to attract crowds than dust.
P: Even the Louvre that attracted an eye-popping 8.1 million visitors last year compared to India's 10.18 million foreign tourists, has hooked up with Beyonce and Jay-Z for promotion, where they take a selfie with Mona Lisa.
Q: Our museums need to get cool too.
R: A change of approach is clearly called for.
S: Troops of restless schoolchildren are often the most frequent visitors, endlessly being told to lower their voices and not touch the art.
In this section each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences have been jumbled up and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Find the proper sequence.
S1: A decade ago UN recognised that rape can constitute a war crime and a constitutive act of genocide.
S6: The fact that these two peace laureates come from two different nations underlines that this problem has been widespread, from Rwanda to Myanmar.
P: This year's Nobel peace prize has been awarded to two exceptional individuals for their fight to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war.
Q: Denis Mukwege is a doctor who has spent decades treating rape survivors in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where a long civil war has repeatedly witnessed the horror of mass rapes.
R: Nadia Murad is herself a survivor of sexual war crimes, perpetuated by IS against the Yazidis.
S: Today she campaigns tirelessly to put those IS leaders in the dock in international courts.
In this section each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences have been jumbled up and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Find the proper sequence.
S1: The climate question presents a leapfrog era for India's development paradigm.
S6: This presents a good template for India, building on its existing plans to introduce electric mobility through buses first, and cars by 2030.
P: Stephen Hawking was one of these few.
Q: Around this time he was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, an incurable motor neuron disease, and given two years to live.
R: Judging by the odds he faced as a young graduate student of physics at Cambridge University, nothing could have been a more remote possibility.
S: When he was about 20 years old, he got the shattering news that he could not work with the great Fred Hoyle for his PhD, as he had aspired to.
[Note: the middle sentences as printed do not cohere with S1/S6; the source appears to have interchanged the middle sentences of Q37 and Q38.]
In this section each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences have been jumbled up and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Find the proper sequence.
S1: Few scientists manage to break down the walls of the so-called ivory tower of academia and touch and inspire people who may not otherwise be interested in science.
S6: Not many would have survived this, let alone excelled in the manner he did.
P: It is aimed at achieving a shift to sustainable fuels, getting cities to commit to eco-friendly mobility and delivering more walkable communities, all of which will improve the quality of urban life.
Q: At the Bonn conference, a new Transport Decarbonisation Alliance has been declared.
R: This has to be resolutely pursued, breaking down the barriers to wider adoption of rooftop solar energy at every level and implementing net metering systems for all categories of consumers.
S: Already, the country has chalked out an ambitious policy on renewable energy, hoping to generate 175 gigawatts of power from green sources by 2022.
[Note: the middle sentences as printed do not cohere with S1/S6; the source appears to have interchanged the middle sentences of Q37 and Q38.]
In this section each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences have been jumbled up and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Find the proper sequence.
S1: The dawn of the information age opened up great opportunities for the beneficial use of data.
S6: To some, in this era of Big Data analytics and automated, algorithm-based processing of zettabytes of information, the fear that their personal data may be unprotected may conjure up visions of a dystopian world in which individual liberties are compromised.
P: But it is the conflict between the massive scope for progress provided by the digital era and the fear of loss of individual autonomy that is foregrounded in any debates about data protection laws.
Q: It also enhanced the perils of unregulated and arbitrary use of personal data.
R: It is against this backdrop that the White Paper made public to elicit views from the public on the shape and substance of a comprehensive data protection law assumes significance.
S: Unauthorised leaks, hacking and other cyber crimes have rendered data-bases vulnerable.
In this section each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences have been jumbled up and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Find the proper sequence.
S1: In a globalised world, no country can hope to impose tariffs without affecting its own economic interests.
S6: The ongoing trade war also threatens the rules-based global trade order which has managed to amicably handle trade disputes between countries for decades.
P: So both the U.S. and China, which have blamed each other for the ongoing trade war, are doing no good to their own economic fortunes by engaging in this tit-for-tat tariff battle.
Q: Apart from disadvantaging its consumers, who will have to pay higher prices for certain goods, tariffs will also disrupt the supply chain of producers who rely on foreign imports.
R: China, which is fighting an economic slowdown, will be equally affected.
S: The minutes of the U.S. Federal Reserve June policy meeting show that economic uncertainty due to the trade war is already affecting private investment in the U.S., with many investors deciding to scale back or delay their investment plans.
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option opposite in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: His religious views are rather fanatical.
Underlined word: fanatical
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option opposite in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: Religious fundamentalists often consider the followers of other religions to be heretics.
Underlined word: heretics
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option opposite in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: According to GB Shaw, men have become inert. Therefore, life force has chosen women to perform its functions.
Underlined word: inert
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option opposite in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: Some of the men are highly misanthropic.
Underlined word: misanthropic
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option opposite in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: The teacher was a very profound man.
Underlined word: profound
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option opposite in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: His hand-writing is readable.
Underlined word: readable
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option opposite in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: Mohan is his steadfast friend.
Underlined word: steadfast
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option opposite in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: Radha often goes tempestuous while debating.
Underlined word: tempestuous
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option opposite in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: The thief had very vital information to pass on to the police.
Underlined word: vital
Each item in this section consists of a sentence with an underlined word. Select the option opposite in meaning to the underlined word.
Sentence: His lectures are often wordy and pointless.
Underlined word: wordy
Each item in this section consists of a sentence, the parts of which have been jumbled and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Re-arrange the jumbled parts.
the prize money (P) / for refusing her (Q) / Pepsico was ordered (R) / to compensate the woman (S)
Each item in this section consists of a sentence, the parts of which have been jumbled and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Re-arrange the jumbled parts.
trade operating from a colony (P) / held a meeting (Q) / demanding a probe into the illegal drug (R) / the residents of the city (S)
Each item in this section consists of a sentence, the parts of which have been jumbled and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Re-arrange the jumbled parts.
the university authorities cancelled the ongoing students' union election and (P) / following students' unrest on campus (Q) / closed till further orders (R) / declared the institution (S)
Each item in this section consists of a sentence, the parts of which have been jumbled and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Re-arrange the jumbled parts.
brushed past the latter's pet dog (P) / stabbed to death by a man (Q) / after his vehicle accidentally (R) / a cargo van driver was allegedly (S)
Each item in this section consists of a sentence, the parts of which have been jumbled and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Re-arrange the jumbled parts.
an earthquake and tsunami (P) / the disaster mitigation agency (Q) / said that the death toll from (R) / in Indonesia has crossed 1500 (S)
Each item in this section consists of a sentence, the parts of which have been jumbled and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Re-arrange the jumbled parts.
scientists say they have developed a new (P) / illnesses such as heart disease and cancer (Q) / DNA tool that uses machine learning to accurately (R) / predict people's height and assess their risk for serious (S)
Each item in this section consists of a sentence, the parts of which have been jumbled and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Re-arrange the jumbled parts.
a rare evergreen tree in the Southern Western Ghats (P) / researchers have found that (Q) / common white-footed ants are the best pollinators of (R) / bees might be the best known pollinators but (S)
Each item in this section consists of a sentence, the parts of which have been jumbled and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Re-arrange the jumbled parts.
say from their forties onwards (P) / it is thus a good idea (Q) / and continue to exercise early enough (R) / for senior citizens to start (S)
Each item in this section consists of a sentence, the parts of which have been jumbled and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Re-arrange the jumbled parts.
scientists have determined (P) / injury in animals and humans (Q) / that is linked to the severity of spinal cord (R) / a gene signature (S)
Each item in this section consists of a sentence, the parts of which have been jumbled and labelled as P, Q, R and S. Re-arrange the jumbled parts.
like a muscle and repeating the process (P) / and stable reading circuit (Q) / helps the child build a strong (R) / the brain works (S)
Choose the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom/phrase.
Idiom/Phrase: A match made in heaven
Choose the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom/phrase.
Idiom/Phrase: A culture vulture
Choose the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom/phrase.
Idiom/Phrase: A death blow
Choose the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom/phrase.
Idiom/Phrase: The jewel in the crown
Choose the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom/phrase.
Idiom/Phrase: To live in a fool's paradise
Choose the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom/phrase.
Idiom/Phrase: A rotten apple
Choose the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom/phrase.
Idiom/Phrase: To vote with your feet
Choose the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom/phrase.
Idiom/Phrase: Verbal diarrhoea
Choose the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom/phrase.
Idiom/Phrase: To sail close to the wind
Choose the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom/phrase.
Idiom/Phrase: A double entendre
Choose the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom/phrase.
Idiom/Phrase: To cut your own throat
Choose the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom/phrase.
Idiom/Phrase: Cook the books
Choose the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom/phrase.
Idiom/Phrase: Change your tune
Choose the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom/phrase.
Idiom/Phrase: Blue blood
Choose the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom/phrase.
Idiom/Phrase: Cut the crap
CLOZE COMPREHENSION - I. In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.
Passage: The question whether war is ever justified, and if so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself __(36)__ the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat __(37)__ position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a __(38)__. Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of __(39)__ rather than of thought: given a man's emotional temperament, his convictions, __(40)__ on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __(41)__ with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical __(42)__ are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it is such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __(43)__ in the present article. In fact, the question of rights and wrongs of a particular war is generally __(44)__ from a juridical or quasi-juridical __(45)__.
Blank (36): The question whether war is ever justified ... has been forcing itself __(36)__ the attention of all thoughtful men.
CLOZE COMPREHENSION - I. In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.
Passage: The question whether war is ever justified, and if so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself __(36)__ the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat __(37)__ position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a __(38)__. Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of __(39)__ rather than of thought: given a man's emotional temperament, his convictions, __(40)__ on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __(41)__ with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical __(42)__ are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it is such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __(43)__ in the present article. In fact, the question of rights and wrongs of a particular war is generally __(44)__ from a juridical or quasi-juridical __(45)__.
Blank (37): On this question I find myself in the somewhat __(37)__ position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war.
CLOZE COMPREHENSION - I. In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.
Passage: The question whether war is ever justified, and if so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself __(36)__ the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat __(37)__ position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a __(38)__. Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of __(39)__ rather than of thought: given a man's emotional temperament, his convictions, __(40)__ on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __(41)__ with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical __(42)__ are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it is such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __(43)__ in the present article. In fact, the question of rights and wrongs of a particular war is generally __(44)__ from a juridical or quasi-juridical __(45)__.
Blank (38): ...while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a __(38)__.
CLOZE COMPREHENSION - I. In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.
Passage: The question whether war is ever justified, and if so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself __(36)__ the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat __(37)__ position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a __(38)__. Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of __(39)__ rather than of thought: given a man's emotional temperament, his convictions, __(40)__ on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __(41)__ with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical __(42)__ are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it is such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __(43)__ in the present article. In fact, the question of rights and wrongs of a particular war is generally __(44)__ from a juridical or quasi-juridical __(45)__.
Blank (39): Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of __(39)__ rather than of thought.
CLOZE COMPREHENSION - I. In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.
Passage: The question whether war is ever justified, and if so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself __(36)__ the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat __(37)__ position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a __(38)__. Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of __(39)__ rather than of thought: given a man's emotional temperament, his convictions, __(40)__ on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __(41)__ with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical __(42)__ are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it is such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __(43)__ in the present article. In fact, the question of rights and wrongs of a particular war is generally __(44)__ from a juridical or quasi-juridical __(45)__.
Blank (40): ...given a man's emotional temperament, his convictions, __(40)__ on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime...
CLOZE COMPREHENSION - I. In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.
Passage: The question whether war is ever justified, and if so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself __(36)__ the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat __(37)__ position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a __(38)__. Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of __(39)__ rather than of thought: given a man's emotional temperament, his convictions, __(40)__ on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __(41)__ with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical __(42)__ are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it is such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __(43)__ in the present article. In fact, the question of rights and wrongs of a particular war is generally __(44)__ from a juridical or quasi-juridical __(45)__.
Blank (41): ...can be __(41)__ with tolerable certainty. [Note: the printed options do not include the contextually required word 'predicted'; answer left unverified.]
CLOZE COMPREHENSION - I. In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.
Passage: The question whether war is ever justified, and if so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself __(36)__ the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat __(37)__ position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a __(38)__. Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of __(39)__ rather than of thought: given a man's emotional temperament, his convictions, __(40)__ on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __(41)__ with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical __(42)__ are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it is such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __(43)__ in the present article. In fact, the question of rights and wrongs of a particular war is generally __(44)__ from a juridical or quasi-juridical __(45)__.
Blank (42): The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical __(42)__ are feelings.
CLOZE COMPREHENSION - I. In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.
Passage: The question whether war is ever justified, and if so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself __(36)__ the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat __(37)__ position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a __(38)__. Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of __(39)__ rather than of thought: given a man's emotional temperament, his convictions, __(40)__ on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __(41)__ with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical __(42)__ are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it is such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __(43)__ in the present article. In fact, the question of rights and wrongs of a particular war is generally __(44)__ from a juridical or quasi-juridical __(45)__.
Blank (43): ...it is such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __(43)__ in the present article.
CLOZE COMPREHENSION - I. In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.
Passage: The question whether war is ever justified, and if so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself __(36)__ the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat __(37)__ position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a __(38)__. Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of __(39)__ rather than of thought: given a man's emotional temperament, his convictions, __(40)__ on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __(41)__ with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical __(42)__ are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it is such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __(43)__ in the present article. In fact, the question of rights and wrongs of a particular war is generally __(44)__ from a juridical or quasi-juridical __(45)__.
Blank (44): In fact, the question of rights and wrongs of a particular war is generally __(44)__ from a juridical or quasi-juridical ___.
CLOZE COMPREHENSION - I. In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.
Passage: The question whether war is ever justified, and if so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself __(36)__ the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat __(37)__ position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a __(38)__. Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of __(39)__ rather than of thought: given a man's emotional temperament, his convictions, __(40)__ on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __(41)__ with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical __(42)__ are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it is such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __(43)__ in the present article. In fact, the question of rights and wrongs of a particular war is generally __(44)__ from a juridical or quasi-juridical __(45)__.
Blank (45): ...from a juridical or quasi-juridical __(45)__.
CLOZE COMPREHENSION - II. In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.
Passage: The Nobel Prize for Chemistry this year is a tribute to the power of __(46)__. The laureates harnessed evolution and used it in the __(47)__ with amazing results. Frances H. Arnold, an American who was given one-half of the prize, used 'directed evolution' to __(48)__ variants of naturally occurring enzymes that could be used to __(49)__ biofuels and pharmaceuticals. The other half went to George P. Smith, also of the U.S., and Sir Gregory P. Winter, from the U.K., who evolved antibodies to __(50)__ autoimmune diseases and even metastatic cancer through a process called phage display.
Blank (46): The Nobel Prize for Chemistry this year is a tribute to the power of __(46)__.
CLOZE COMPREHENSION - II. In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.
Passage: The Nobel Prize for Chemistry this year is a tribute to the power of __(46)__. The laureates harnessed evolution and used it in the __(47)__ with amazing results. Frances H. Arnold, an American who was given one-half of the prize, used 'directed evolution' to __(48)__ variants of naturally occurring enzymes that could be used to __(49)__ biofuels and pharmaceuticals. The other half went to George P. Smith, also of the U.S., and Sir Gregory P. Winter, from the U.K., who evolved antibodies to __(50)__ autoimmune diseases and even metastatic cancer through a process called phage display.
Blank (47): The laureates harnessed evolution and used it in the __(47)__ with amazing results.
CLOZE COMPREHENSION - II. In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.
Passage: The Nobel Prize for Chemistry this year is a tribute to the power of __(46)__. The laureates harnessed evolution and used it in the __(47)__ with amazing results. Frances H. Arnold, an American who was given one-half of the prize, used 'directed evolution' to __(48)__ variants of naturally occurring enzymes that could be used to __(49)__ biofuels and pharmaceuticals. The other half went to George P. Smith, also of the U.S., and Sir Gregory P. Winter, from the U.K., who evolved antibodies to __(50)__ autoimmune diseases and even metastatic cancer through a process called phage display.
Blank (48): ...used 'directed evolution' to __(48)__ variants of naturally occurring enzymes...
CLOZE COMPREHENSION - II. In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.
Passage: The Nobel Prize for Chemistry this year is a tribute to the power of __(46)__. The laureates harnessed evolution and used it in the __(47)__ with amazing results. Frances H. Arnold, an American who was given one-half of the prize, used 'directed evolution' to __(48)__ variants of naturally occurring enzymes that could be used to __(49)__ biofuels and pharmaceuticals. The other half went to George P. Smith, also of the U.S., and Sir Gregory P. Winter, from the U.K., who evolved antibodies to __(50)__ autoimmune diseases and even metastatic cancer through a process called phage display.
Blank (49): ...enzymes that could be used to __(49)__ biofuels and pharmaceuticals.
CLOZE COMPREHENSION - II. In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.
Passage: The Nobel Prize for Chemistry this year is a tribute to the power of __(46)__. The laureates harnessed evolution and used it in the __(47)__ with amazing results. Frances H. Arnold, an American who was given one-half of the prize, used 'directed evolution' to __(48)__ variants of naturally occurring enzymes that could be used to __(49)__ biofuels and pharmaceuticals. The other half went to George P. Smith, also of the U.S., and Sir Gregory P. Winter, from the U.K., who evolved antibodies to __(50)__ autoimmune diseases and even metastatic cancer through a process called phage display.
Blank (50): ...who evolved antibodies to __(50)__ autoimmune diseases and even metastatic cancer through a process called phage display.
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space. Select the word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space.
How we ______ to ageing is a choice we must make wisely.
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space. Select the word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space.
Complementary medicine ______ fewer risks, since it is used along with standard remedies, often to lessen side-effects and enhance feelings of well-being.
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space. Select the word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space.
Stress may ______ fertility in men and women.
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space. Select the word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space.
The football match had to be ______ because of the weather.
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space. Select the word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space.
Nobody believed Ram at first but he _____ to be right.
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space. Select the word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space.
How are you _____ in your new job? Are you enjoying it?
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space. Select the word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space.
We live _____ a tower block. Our apartment is on the fifteenth floor.
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space. Select the word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space.
You were going to apply for the job, and then you decided not to. So what _____ ?
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space. Select the word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space.
_____ it was raining, he went out without a raincoat.
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space. Select the word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space.
I parked my car in a no-parking zone, but I _____ it.
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - I:
From 1600 to 1757 the East India Company's role in India was that of a trading corporation which brought goods or precious metals into India and exchanged them for Indian goods like textiles and spices, which it sold abroad. Its profits came primarily from the sale of Indian goods abroad. Naturally, it tried constantly to open new markets for Indian goods in Britain and other countries. Thereby, it increased the export of Indian manufacturers, and thus encouraged their production. This is the reason why Indian rulers tolerated and even encouraged the establishment of the Company's factories in India. But, from the very beginning, the British manufacturers were jealous of the popularity that Indian textiles enjoyed in Britain. All of a sudden, dress fashions changed and light cotton textiles began to replace the coarse woolens of the English. Before, the author of the famous novel, Robinson Crusoe, complained that Indian cloth had "crept into our houses, our closets and bed chambers; curtains, cushions, chairs, and at last beds themselves were nothing but calicos or India stuffs". The British manufacturers put pressure on their government to restrict and prohibit the sale of Indian goods in England. By 1720, laws had been passed forbidding the wear or use of printed or dyed cotton cloth. In 1760 a lady had to pay a fine of 200 for possessing an imported handkerchief! Moreover, heavy duties were imposed on the import of plain cloth. Other European countries, except Holland, also either prohibited the import of Indian cloth or imposed heavy import duties. In spite of these laws, however, Indian silk and cotton textiles still held their own in foreign markets, until the middle of the eighteenth century when the English textile industry began to develop on the basis of new and advanced technology.
The East India Company was encouraging the export of Indian manufacturers because
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - I:
From 1600 to 1757 the East India Company's role in India was that of a trading corporation which brought goods or precious metals into India and exchanged them for Indian goods like textiles and spices, which it sold abroad. Its profits came primarily from the sale of Indian goods abroad. Naturally, it tried constantly to open new markets for Indian goods in Britain and other countries. Thereby, it increased the export of Indian manufacturers, and thus encouraged their production. This is the reason why Indian rulers tolerated and even encouraged the establishment of the Company's factories in India. But, from the very beginning, the British manufacturers were jealous of the popularity that Indian textiles enjoyed in Britain. All of a sudden, dress fashions changed and light cotton textiles began to replace the coarse woolens of the English. Before, the author of the famous novel, Robinson Crusoe, complained that Indian cloth had "crept into our houses, our closets and bed chambers; curtains, cushions, chairs, and at last beds themselves were nothing but calicos or India stuffs". The British manufacturers put pressure on their government to restrict and prohibit the sale of Indian goods in England. By 1720, laws had been passed forbidding the wear or use of printed or dyed cotton cloth. In 1760 a lady had to pay a fine of 200 for possessing an imported handkerchief! Moreover, heavy duties were imposed on the import of plain cloth. Other European countries, except Holland, also either prohibited the import of Indian cloth or imposed heavy import duties. In spite of these laws, however, Indian silk and cotton textiles still held their own in foreign markets, until the middle of the eighteenth century when the English textile industry began to develop on the basis of new and advanced technology.
The people of England used Indian clothes because
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - I:
From 1600 to 1757 the East India Company's role in India was that of a trading corporation which brought goods or precious metals into India and exchanged them for Indian goods like textiles and spices, which it sold abroad. Its profits came primarily from the sale of Indian goods abroad. Naturally, it tried constantly to open new markets for Indian goods in Britain and other countries. Thereby, it increased the export of Indian manufacturers, and thus encouraged their production. This is the reason why Indian rulers tolerated and even encouraged the establishment of the Company's factories in India. But, from the very beginning, the British manufacturers were jealous of the popularity that Indian textiles enjoyed in Britain. All of a sudden, dress fashions changed and light cotton textiles began to replace the coarse woolens of the English. Before, the author of the famous novel, Robinson Crusoe, complained that Indian cloth had "crept into our houses, our closets and bed chambers; curtains, cushions, chairs, and at last beds themselves were nothing but calicos or India stuffs". The British manufacturers put pressure on their government to restrict and prohibit the sale of Indian goods in England. By 1720, laws had been passed forbidding the wear or use of printed or dyed cotton cloth. In 1760 a lady had to pay a fine of 200 for possessing an imported handkerchief! Moreover, heavy duties were imposed on the import of plain cloth. Other European countries, except Holland, also either prohibited the import of Indian cloth or imposed heavy import duties. In spite of these laws, however, Indian silk and cotton textiles still held their own in foreign markets, until the middle of the eighteenth century when the English textile industry began to develop on the basis of new and advanced technology.
What did the British manufacturer do to compete with the Indian manufacturers?
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - I:
From 1600 to 1757 the East India Company's role in India was that of a trading corporation which brought goods or precious metals into India and exchanged them for Indian goods like textiles and spices, which it sold abroad. Its profits came primarily from the sale of Indian goods abroad. Naturally, it tried constantly to open new markets for Indian goods in Britain and other countries. Thereby, it increased the export of Indian manufacturers, and thus encouraged their production. This is the reason why Indian rulers tolerated and even encouraged the establishment of the Company's factories in India. But, from the very beginning, the British manufacturers were jealous of the popularity that Indian textiles enjoyed in Britain. All of a sudden, dress fashions changed and light cotton textiles began to replace the coarse woolens of the English. Before, the author of the famous novel, Robinson Crusoe, complained that Indian cloth had "crept into our houses, our closets and bed chambers; curtains, cushions, chairs, and at last beds themselves were nothing but calicos or India stuffs". The British manufacturers put pressure on their government to restrict and prohibit the sale of Indian goods in England. By 1720, laws had been passed forbidding the wear or use of printed or dyed cotton cloth. In 1760 a lady had to pay a fine of 200 for possessing an imported handkerchief! Moreover, heavy duties were imposed on the import of plain cloth. Other European countries, except Holland, also either prohibited the import of Indian cloth or imposed heavy import duties. In spite of these laws, however, Indian silk and cotton textiles still held their own in foreign markets, until the middle of the eighteenth century when the English textile industry began to develop on the basis of new and advanced technology.
Which source is cited by the author to argue that Indian textile was in huge demand in 18th century England?
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - I:
From 1600 to 1757 the East India Company's role in India was that of a trading corporation which brought goods or precious metals into India and exchanged them for Indian goods like textiles and spices, which it sold abroad. Its profits came primarily from the sale of Indian goods abroad. Naturally, it tried constantly to open new markets for Indian goods in Britain and other countries. Thereby, it increased the export of Indian manufacturers, and thus encouraged their production. This is the reason why Indian rulers tolerated and even encouraged the establishment of the Company's factories in India. But, from the very beginning, the British manufacturers were jealous of the popularity that Indian textiles enjoyed in Britain. All of a sudden, dress fashions changed and light cotton textiles began to replace the coarse woolens of the English. Before, the author of the famous novel, Robinson Crusoe, complained that Indian cloth had "crept into our houses, our closets and bed chambers; curtains, cushions, chairs, and at last beds themselves were nothing but calicos or India stuffs". The British manufacturers put pressure on their government to restrict and prohibit the sale of Indian goods in England. By 1720, laws had been passed forbidding the wear or use of printed or dyed cotton cloth. In 1760 a lady had to pay a fine of 200 for possessing an imported handkerchief! Moreover, heavy duties were imposed on the import of plain cloth. Other European countries, except Holland, also either prohibited the import of Indian cloth or imposed heavy import duties. In spite of these laws, however, Indian silk and cotton textiles still held their own in foreign markets, until the middle of the eighteenth century when the English textile industry began to develop on the basis of new and advanced technology.
“New and advanced technology” in the paragraph refers to
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - II:
Zimbabwe's prolonged political crisis reached the boiling point earlier this month when President Robert Mugabe dismissed the Vice-President, Emmerson Mnangagwa. A battle to succeed the 93-year-old liberation hero-turned President had already been brewing within the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (Zanu-PF), with the old guard backing Mr. Mnangagwa, himself a freedom fighter, and 'Generation 40', a grouping of younger leaders supporting Mr. Mugabe's 52-year-old wife, Grace. Ms. Mugabe, known for her extravagant lifestyle and interfering ways, has been vocal in recent months about her political ambitions. Mr. Mugabe was seen to have endorsed her when on November 6 he dismissed Mr. Mnangagwa. But Mr. Mugabe, who has ruled Zimbabwe since its independence in 1980, erred on two counts: he underestimated the deep connections Mr. Mnangagwa has within the establishment and overestimated his own power in a system he has helped shape. In the good old days, Mr. Mugabe was able to rule with an iron grip. But those days are gone. Age and health problems have weakened his hold on power, while there is a groundswell of anger among the public over economic mismanagement. So when he turned against a man long seen by the establishment as his successor, Mr. Mugabe left little doubt that he was acting from a position of political weakness. This gave the security forces the confidence to turn against him and make it clear they didn't want a Mugabe dynasty. The military doesn't want to call its action a coup d'etat, for obvious reasons. A coup would attract international condemnation, even sanctions. But it is certain that the army chief, Gen. Constantino Chiwenga, is in charge. His plan, as it emerges, is to force Mr. Mugabe to resign and install a transitional government, perhaps under Mr. Mnangagwa, until elections are held.
In the paragraph, who has been called liberation hero?
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - II:
Zimbabwe's prolonged political crisis reached the boiling point earlier this month when President Robert Mugabe dismissed the Vice-President, Emmerson Mnangagwa. A battle to succeed the 93-year-old liberation hero-turned President had already been brewing within the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (Zanu-PF), with the old guard backing Mr. Mnangagwa, himself a freedom fighter, and 'Generation 40', a grouping of younger leaders supporting Mr. Mugabe's 52-year-old wife, Grace. Ms. Mugabe, known for her extravagant lifestyle and interfering ways, has been vocal in recent months about her political ambitions. Mr. Mugabe was seen to have endorsed her when on November 6 he dismissed Mr. Mnangagwa. But Mr. Mugabe, who has ruled Zimbabwe since its independence in 1980, erred on two counts: he underestimated the deep connections Mr. Mnangagwa has within the establishment and overestimated his own power in a system he has helped shape. In the good old days, Mr. Mugabe was able to rule with an iron grip. But those days are gone. Age and health problems have weakened his hold on power, while there is a groundswell of anger among the public over economic mismanagement. So when he turned against a man long seen by the establishment as his successor, Mr. Mugabe left little doubt that he was acting from a position of political weakness. This gave the security forces the confidence to turn against him and make it clear they didn't want a Mugabe dynasty. The military doesn't want to call its action a coup d'etat, for obvious reasons. A coup would attract international condemnation, even sanctions. But it is certain that the army chief, Gen. Constantino Chiwenga, is in charge. His plan, as it emerges, is to force Mr. Mugabe to resign and install a transitional government, perhaps under Mr. Mnangagwa, until elections are held.
Mrs. Mugabe is supported by
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - II:
Zimbabwe's prolonged political crisis reached the boiling point earlier this month when President Robert Mugabe dismissed the Vice-President, Emmerson Mnangagwa. A battle to succeed the 93-year-old liberation hero-turned President had already been brewing within the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (Zanu-PF), with the old guard backing Mr. Mnangagwa, himself a freedom fighter, and 'Generation 40', a grouping of younger leaders supporting Mr. Mugabe's 52-year-old wife, Grace. Ms. Mugabe, known for her extravagant lifestyle and interfering ways, has been vocal in recent months about her political ambitions. Mr. Mugabe was seen to have endorsed her when on November 6 he dismissed Mr. Mnangagwa. But Mr. Mugabe, who has ruled Zimbabwe since its independence in 1980, erred on two counts: he underestimated the deep connections Mr. Mnangagwa has within the establishment and overestimated his own power in a system he has helped shape. In the good old days, Mr. Mugabe was able to rule with an iron grip. But those days are gone. Age and health problems have weakened his hold on power, while there is a groundswell of anger among the public over economic mismanagement. So when he turned against a man long seen by the establishment as his successor, Mr. Mugabe left little doubt that he was acting from a position of political weakness. This gave the security forces the confidence to turn against him and make it clear they didn't want a Mugabe dynasty. The military doesn't want to call its action a coup d'etat, for obvious reasons. A coup would attract international condemnation, even sanctions. But it is certain that the army chief, Gen. Constantino Chiwenga, is in charge. His plan, as it emerges, is to force Mr. Mugabe to resign and install a transitional government, perhaps under Mr. Mnangagwa, until elections are held.
Mr. Mugabe's political weakness became apparent when
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - II:
Zimbabwe's prolonged political crisis reached the boiling point earlier this month when President Robert Mugabe dismissed the Vice-President, Emmerson Mnangagwa. A battle to succeed the 93-year-old liberation hero-turned President had already been brewing within the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (Zanu-PF), with the old guard backing Mr. Mnangagwa, himself a freedom fighter, and 'Generation 40', a grouping of younger leaders supporting Mr. Mugabe's 52-year-old wife, Grace. Ms. Mugabe, known for her extravagant lifestyle and interfering ways, has been vocal in recent months about her political ambitions. Mr. Mugabe was seen to have endorsed her when on November 6 he dismissed Mr. Mnangagwa. But Mr. Mugabe, who has ruled Zimbabwe since its independence in 1980, erred on two counts: he underestimated the deep connections Mr. Mnangagwa has within the establishment and overestimated his own power in a system he has helped shape. In the good old days, Mr. Mugabe was able to rule with an iron grip. But those days are gone. Age and health problems have weakened his hold on power, while there is a groundswell of anger among the public over economic mismanagement. So when he turned against a man long seen by the establishment as his successor, Mr. Mugabe left little doubt that he was acting from a position of political weakness. This gave the security forces the confidence to turn against him and make it clear they didn't want a Mugabe dynasty. The military doesn't want to call its action a coup d'etat, for obvious reasons. A coup would attract international condemnation, even sanctions. But it is certain that the army chief, Gen. Constantino Chiwenga, is in charge. His plan, as it emerges, is to force Mr. Mugabe to resign and install a transitional government, perhaps under Mr. Mnangagwa, until elections are held.
The security forces of Zimbabwe staged a coup against the President because
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - II:
Zimbabwe's prolonged political crisis reached the boiling point earlier this month when President Robert Mugabe dismissed the Vice-President, Emmerson Mnangagwa. A battle to succeed the 93-year-old liberation hero-turned President had already been brewing within the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (Zanu-PF), with the old guard backing Mr. Mnangagwa, himself a freedom fighter, and 'Generation 40', a grouping of younger leaders supporting Mr. Mugabe's 52-year-old wife, Grace. Ms. Mugabe, known for her extravagant lifestyle and interfering ways, has been vocal in recent months about her political ambitions. Mr. Mugabe was seen to have endorsed her when on November 6 he dismissed Mr. Mnangagwa. But Mr. Mugabe, who has ruled Zimbabwe since its independence in 1980, erred on two counts: he underestimated the deep connections Mr. Mnangagwa has within the establishment and overestimated his own power in a system he has helped shape. In the good old days, Mr. Mugabe was able to rule with an iron grip. But those days are gone. Age and health problems have weakened his hold on power, while there is a groundswell of anger among the public over economic mismanagement. So when he turned against a man long seen by the establishment as his successor, Mr. Mugabe left little doubt that he was acting from a position of political weakness. This gave the security forces the confidence to turn against him and make it clear they didn't want a Mugabe dynasty. The military doesn't want to call its action a coup d'etat, for obvious reasons. A coup would attract international condemnation, even sanctions. But it is certain that the army chief, Gen. Constantino Chiwenga, is in charge. His plan, as it emerges, is to force Mr. Mugabe to resign and install a transitional government, perhaps under Mr. Mnangagwa, until elections are held.
Why does the military not want to call it a coup d'etat?
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - III:
Over-eating is one of the most wonderful practices among those who think they can afford it. In fact, authorities say that nearly all who can get as much as they desire, over-eat to their disadvantage. This class of people should save a great more food than they can save by missing one meal per week and at the same time they would improve their health. A heavy meal at night, the so-called dinner is the fashion with many and often it is taken shortly before retiring. It is unnecessary and could be forgone, not only once a week but daily without loss of strength. From three to five hours are needed to digest food. While sleeping, this food not being required to give energy for work, is in many cases converted into excess fat, giving rise to excess-weight. The evening meal should be light, taken three or four hours before retiring. This prevents over-eating, conserves energy and reduces the cost of food.
Why should those who over-eat refrain from doing so?
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - III:
Over-eating is one of the most wonderful practices among those who think they can afford it. In fact, authorities say that nearly all who can get as much as they desire, over-eat to their disadvantage. This class of people should save a great more food than they can save by missing one meal per week and at the same time they would improve their health. A heavy meal at night, the so-called dinner is the fashion with many and often it is taken shortly before retiring. It is unnecessary and could be forgone, not only once a week but daily without loss of strength. From three to five hours are needed to digest food. While sleeping, this food not being required to give energy for work, is in many cases converted into excess fat, giving rise to excess-weight. The evening meal should be light, taken three or four hours before retiring. This prevents over-eating, conserves energy and reduces the cost of food.
Over-eating is more prevalent among
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - III:
Over-eating is one of the most wonderful practices among those who think they can afford it. In fact, authorities say that nearly all who can get as much as they desire, over-eat to their disadvantage. This class of people should save a great more food than they can save by missing one meal per week and at the same time they would improve their health. A heavy meal at night, the so-called dinner is the fashion with many and often it is taken shortly before retiring. It is unnecessary and could be forgone, not only once a week but daily without loss of strength. From three to five hours are needed to digest food. While sleeping, this food not being required to give energy for work, is in many cases converted into excess fat, giving rise to excess-weight. The evening meal should be light, taken three or four hours before retiring. This prevents over-eating, conserves energy and reduces the cost of food.
The writer is asking the readers
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - III:
Over-eating is one of the most wonderful practices among those who think they can afford it. In fact, authorities say that nearly all who can get as much as they desire, over-eat to their disadvantage. This class of people should save a great more food than they can save by missing one meal per week and at the same time they would improve their health. A heavy meal at night, the so-called dinner is the fashion with many and often it is taken shortly before retiring. It is unnecessary and could be forgone, not only once a week but daily without loss of strength. From three to five hours are needed to digest food. While sleeping, this food not being required to give energy for work, is in many cases converted into excess fat, giving rise to excess-weight. The evening meal should be light, taken three or four hours before retiring. This prevents over-eating, conserves energy and reduces the cost of food.
What is the most appropriate time for having evening meal?
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - III:
Over-eating is one of the most wonderful practices among those who think they can afford it. In fact, authorities say that nearly all who can get as much as they desire, over-eat to their disadvantage. This class of people should save a great more food than they can save by missing one meal per week and at the same time they would improve their health. A heavy meal at night, the so-called dinner is the fashion with many and often it is taken shortly before retiring. It is unnecessary and could be forgone, not only once a week but daily without loss of strength. From three to five hours are needed to digest food. While sleeping, this food not being required to give energy for work, is in many cases converted into excess fat, giving rise to excess-weight. The evening meal should be light, taken three or four hours before retiring. This prevents over-eating, conserves energy and reduces the cost of food.
According to the passage, how many times a day should we have food?
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - III:
Over-eating is one of the most wonderful practices among those who think they can afford it. In fact, authorities say that nearly all who can get as much as they desire, over-eat to their disadvantage. This class of people should save a great more food than they can save by missing one meal per week and at the same time they would improve their health. A heavy meal at night, the so-called dinner is the fashion with many and often it is taken shortly before retiring. It is unnecessary and could be forgone, not only once a week but daily without loss of strength. From three to five hours are needed to digest food. While sleeping, this food not being required to give energy for work, is in many cases converted into excess fat, giving rise to excess-weight. The evening meal should be light, taken three or four hours before retiring. This prevents over-eating, conserves energy and reduces the cost of food.
According to the passage, people overeat
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - IV:
Much has been said of the common ground of religious unity. I am not going just now to venture my own theory. But if any one here hopes that this unity will come by the triumph of any one of the religions and the destruction of the others, to him I say, "Brother, yours is an impossible hope." Do I wish that the Christian would become Hindu? God forbid. Do I wish that the Hindu or Buddhist would become Christian? God forbid. The seed is put in the ground, and earth and air and water are placed around it. Does the seed become the earth, or the air, or the water? No. It becomes a plant. It develops after the law of its own growth, assimilates the air, the earth, and the water, converts them into plant substance, and grows into a plant. Similar is the case with religion. The Christian is not to become a Hindu or a Buddhist, nor a Hindu or a Buddhist to become a Christian. But each must assimilate the spirit of the others and yet preserve his individuality and grow according to his own law of growth. If the Parliament of Religions has shown anything to the world, it is this: It has proved to the world that holiness, purity and charity are not the exclusive possessions of any church in the world, and that every system has produced men and women of the most exalted character. In the face of this evidence, if anybody dreams of the exclusive survival of his own religion and the destruction of the others, I pity him from the bottom of my heart, and point out to him that upon the banner of every religion will soon be written in spite of resistance: "Help and not fight," "Assimilation and not Destruction," "Harmony and Peace and not Dissension."
According to the author of the passage, people should
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - IV:
Much has been said of the common ground of religious unity. I am not going just now to venture my own theory. But if any one here hopes that this unity will come by the triumph of any one of the religions and the destruction of the others, to him I say, "Brother, yours is an impossible hope." Do I wish that the Christian would become Hindu? God forbid. Do I wish that the Hindu or Buddhist would become Christian? God forbid. The seed is put in the ground, and earth and air and water are placed around it. Does the seed become the earth, or the air, or the water? No. It becomes a plant. It develops after the law of its own growth, assimilates the air, the earth, and the water, converts them into plant substance, and grows into a plant. Similar is the case with religion. The Christian is not to become a Hindu or a Buddhist, nor a Hindu or a Buddhist to become a Christian. But each must assimilate the spirit of the others and yet preserve his individuality and grow according to his own law of growth. If the Parliament of Religions has shown anything to the world, it is this: It has proved to the world that holiness, purity and charity are not the exclusive possessions of any church in the world, and that every system has produced men and women of the most exalted character. In the face of this evidence, if anybody dreams of the exclusive survival of his own religion and the destruction of the others, I pity him from the bottom of my heart, and point out to him that upon the banner of every religion will soon be written in spite of resistance: "Help and not fight," "Assimilation and not Destruction," "Harmony and Peace and not Dissension."
The Parliament of Religions is
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - IV:
Much has been said of the common ground of religious unity. I am not going just now to venture my own theory. But if any one here hopes that this unity will come by the triumph of any one of the religions and the destruction of the others, to him I say, "Brother, yours is an impossible hope." Do I wish that the Christian would become Hindu? God forbid. Do I wish that the Hindu or Buddhist would become Christian? God forbid. The seed is put in the ground, and earth and air and water are placed around it. Does the seed become the earth, or the air, or the water? No. It becomes a plant. It develops after the law of its own growth, assimilates the air, the earth, and the water, converts them into plant substance, and grows into a plant. Similar is the case with religion. The Christian is not to become a Hindu or a Buddhist, nor a Hindu or a Buddhist to become a Christian. But each must assimilate the spirit of the others and yet preserve his individuality and grow according to his own law of growth. If the Parliament of Religions has shown anything to the world, it is this: It has proved to the world that holiness, purity and charity are not the exclusive possessions of any church in the world, and that every system has produced men and women of the most exalted character. In the face of this evidence, if anybody dreams of the exclusive survival of his own religion and the destruction of the others, I pity him from the bottom of my heart, and point out to him that upon the banner of every religion will soon be written in spite of resistance: "Help and not fight," "Assimilation and not Destruction," "Harmony and Peace and not Dissension."
What does the author think about those who dream about the exclusive survival of their own religions and the destruction of the others?
In this section you have short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read the passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage - IV:
Much has been said of the common ground of religious unity. I am not going just now to venture my own theory. But if any one here hopes that this unity will come by the triumph of any one of the religions and the destruction of the others, to him I say, "Brother, yours is an impossible hope." Do I wish that the Christian would become Hindu? God forbid. Do I wish that the Hindu or Buddhist would become Christian? God forbid. The seed is put in the ground, and earth and air and water are placed around it. Does the seed become the earth, or the air, or the water? No. It becomes a plant. It develops after the law of its own growth, assimilates the air, the earth, and the water, converts them into plant substance, and grows into a plant. Similar is the case with religion. The Christian is not to become a Hindu or a Buddhist, nor a Hindu or a Buddhist to become a Christian. But each must assimilate the spirit of the others and yet preserve his individuality and grow according to his own law of growth. If the Parliament of Religions has shown anything to the world, it is this: It has proved to the world that holiness, purity and charity are not the exclusive possessions of any church in the world, and that every system has produced men and women of the most exalted character. In the face of this evidence, if anybody dreams of the exclusive survival of his own religion and the destruction of the others, I pity him from the bottom of my heart, and point out to him that upon the banner of every religion will soon be written in spite of resistance: "Help and not fight," "Assimilation and not Destruction," "Harmony and Peace and not Dissension."
According to the passage, what is “impossible hope”?
