2026 · Q51
Which of the following are a part of the ‘basic features’ of the Constitution of India as drawn from various decisions of the Supreme Court?
- 1Effective access to justice
- 2Rule of Law
- 3Limitations upon the amending power under Article 368
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
indian-polity-economyconstitution-framing
- A1 and 2 only
- B1 and 3 only
- C2 and 3 only
- D1, 2 and 3
Explanation
All three are recognised as basic features of the Constitution: effective access to justice (declared part of the basic structure in Anita Kushwaha, 2016), the rule of law (Kesavananda Bharati onwards), and the limitation on Parliament's amending power under Article 368 (Minerva Mills, which struck down clauses 4 and 5 of Article 368). Since Kesavananda Bharati (1973), the Court has repeatedly affirmed these as unamendable features. Hence 1, 2 and 3 are all part of the basic features.